By Prof Jeremiah Seni Basic Characteristics Properties (Citrobacter freundii) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Positive (+ve) Flagella Positive (+ve) Gas from glucose Positive (+ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Negative (-ve) Growth in KCN Positive (+ve) H2S Positive (+ve) Indole Negative (-ve) Motility Positive (+ve) MR (Methyl Red) Positive (+ve) Nitrate Reduction … Read more
By Prof Jeremiah Seni Basic Characteristics Properties (B. melitensis) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive(+ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Gram Negative (-ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Indole Negative (-ve) Litmus Milk Negative (-ve) Motility Negative (-ve) MR (Methyl Red) Negative (-ve) Nitrate Reduction Positive(+ve) Oxidase Positive(+ve) Shape Coccobacilli, or … Read more
By Prof Walter Jaoko Introduction The nitrate reduction test is a qualitative procedure for determining the ability of bacteria to reduce nitrate. In the reaction, nitrate is reduced to nitrite, which may then be further reduced to nitrogen gas or ammonia.Other uses of Nitrate Reduction Tests are: Differentiating Mycobacterium species. Identifying species of Neisseria and separating them from Moraxella and Kingella species. The nitrate … Read more
By Prof Walter Jaoko Introduction Acid-Fast (AF) is an important special staining technique used in the histology laboratory. It is a differential staining techniques which was first developed by Ziehl and later on modified by Neelsen 1883. This method is used for those microorganisms which are not staining by simple or Gram staining method, particularly the member of … Read more
By Prof Walter Jaoko Introduction DNA hydrolysis test or Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyze DNA and utilize it as a source of carbon and energy for growth. In this regard, Deoxyribonuclease test medium (DNase agar) prepared according to the formula of Jeffries, Holtman and Guse, is … Read more
By Prof Walter Jaoko Introduction Oxidase test is most helpful in screening colonies suspected of being one of the Enterobacteriaceae (all negative) and in identifying colonies suspected of belonging to other genera such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Campylobacter, and Pasteurella (positive). Oxidase test uses disks impregnated with a reagent such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) or N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD), which is also a redox indicator. The reagent is a dark-blue … Read more
By Prof Walter Jaoko Objectives To determine the ability of the organism to hydrolyse lipid. To identify bacteria capable of producing the exoenzyme lipase. Principle Lipids generally are nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve well in water. Fats are one type of lipids that are large polymers of fatty acids and glycerol that are too … Read more
By Prof Jeremiah Seni Introduction The Catalase test is used to differentiate staphylococci (catalase-positive) from streptococci (catalase-negative). The enzyme catalase, is produced by bacteria that respire using oxygen and protects them from the toxic by-product of oxygen metabolism. Catalase-positive bacteria include strict aerobes as well as facultative anaerobes, although they all have ability to respire … Read more
By Prof Jeremiah Seni What Is MacConkey Agar? MacConkey agar (MAC) was developed as the first solid differential media in the 20th century by a bacteriologist, Alfred Theodore MacConkey. While working for the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, His role was to inspect drinking water sources for the presence of Gram-negative enteric organisms. Which usually inhabit … Read more