Microbiology

By Prof Moses Joloba Introduction Gram staining is the most important differential staining method used in microbiology. Gram stain or Gram staining, also called Gram’s method, is a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique. 1) Gram-positive Bacteria: … Read more

By Prof Moses Joloba Objective The Objective of capsule staining is to observe bacterial capsule by distinguishing capsular material from the bacteria cell.In some bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by a viscous cell envelope called ‘capsule’. It is made of polysaccharide, glycoprotein or polypeptide.When the capsule is too thin to be observed under light … Read more

By Prof Mariam Mirambo Elements Of Comparison Staphylococcus Streptococcus Cellular Arrangement Spherical cells in clusters (grape like clusters). Spherical or ovoid cells in chains or pairs. Fission/Division Irregular division in all three planes. Division in one linear direction. Catalase Test Positive (Presence of catalase enzyme) Negative Halotolerance Halotolerant. Can tolerate upto 8% salt concentration. Inhibited … Read more

By Prof Mariam Mirambo Gram Positive Bacteria Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria with thick cell walls. In a Gram stain test, these organisms yield a positive result. The test, which involves a chemical dye, stains the bacterium’s cell wall purple. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through … Read more

By Prof Mariam Mirambo Elements Of Comparison Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Causes Benign tertian malaria Malignant tertian malaria Prevalence Tropics, Africa (rare in West Africa), Middle East, Asia, Central and South America. It is the most common geographically widespread species of Plasmodium causing malaria in human beings. Predominant species, worldwide tropics, but especially sub-Saharan Africa. Inversion Of … Read more

Reviewed By: Prof Mariam Mirambo Acinetobacter baumannii is a type of gram-negative bacteria that has emerged as a significant nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pathogen, particularly affecting individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those in intensive care units (ICUs). It is known for its ability to survive in harsh environments and its resistance to many commonly used … Read more

By Prof Walter Jaoko Basic Characteristics Properties (Bacillus anthracis) Capsule Capsulated Catalase Positive (+ve) Gas Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Positive (+ve) Gram Staining Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Indole Positive (+ve) Motility Negative (-ve) Nitrate Reduction Positive (+ve) Oxidase Negative (-ve) Pigment Negative (-ve) Shape Rods Spore Positive (+ve) Urease Negative (-ve) VP (Voges Proskauer) … Read more

By Prof Daniel Asrat Basic Characteristics Properties (Chlamydia trachomatis) Organism Type Obligate intracellular organism that parasitize and multiply in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells within membrane bound vacuoles, termed inclusions, by a unique developmental cycle. ATP/ADP Transport System Negative (-ve) Body Types Elementary and Reticulate Flagella Absent Gram Staining Gram-negative Genus Specific Antigen Positive (+ve) … Read more

By Prof Daniel Asrat Characteristics Properties (Streptococcus pyogenes) CAMP Negative (-ve) Capsule Capsulated Catalase Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Beta Motility Non-Motile OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) Fac. Anaerobes PYR Positive (+ve) Shape Cocci Spore Non-Sporing Urease Negative (-ve) VP (Voges Proskauer) Negative (-ve) 6.5% NaCl Growth Negative (-ve) Fermentation of Adonitol Negative (-ve) Arabinose Negative … Read more